Therefore, it is important that 3D printed swabs be assessed to ensure they are appropriately characterized for the end use to determine if they meet the clinical need. 'Nasal Swab as Preferred Clinical Specimen for COVID-19 Testing in Children'. Saline is also an acceptable transport medium for some COVID-19 viral assays, including the Influenza SARS-CoV-2 (Flu SC2) Multiplex Assay. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. For patients who develop a productive cough, sputum can be collected and tested when available for SARS-CoV-2. (11/15/21). Any facility (including a hospital, laboratory, or other site) that manufactures any swab intended to be used for diagnostic testing must meet applicable medical device regulatory requirements, including Registration and Listing (21 CFR Part 807), medical device reporting (21 CFR Part 803), reports of corrections and removals (21 CFR Part 806), and applicable quality system regulations (21 CFR Part 820). Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Specimen Collection for . All rights reserved. This product contains targets within the E/N/S/ORF1ab/RdRp regions. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. 72 / Piece. Microfiber provides high surface areas for rapid capillary absorption of fluid specimens. Change gloves between contacts with each person being tested. RT-PCR converts viral RNA to DNA and amplifies the genetic sequence, making. Viral tests look for a current infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, by testing specimens from your nose or mouth. Audere has granted a general Right of Reference to any organization who wishes to access and use Audere's "Lower nasal swab collection" instructions for lower nasal swabs administered at a testing site. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought constant change to our lives, including how we test for the virus. Follow the instructions as explicitly described within the tests Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) Instructions for Use. Personnel must be trained to pack and ship according to the regulations and in a manner that corresponds to their function-specific responsibilities. Extracted viral genomic RNA: Viral genomic RNA may be acquired through extraction of SARS-CoV-2 positive patient samples or acquired through commercial sources. Stop when you feel resistance at turbinates (see fig 8). For more information, go to www.coventrycleanroom.com or contact Mark Quigley, Chemtronics Life Sciences Manager, at mquigley@itwcce.com or 310-741-0056. The shallow nasal swabs used in schools are comfortable and most can be performed by students themselves. Educate the patient about the difference between sputum (deep cough) and oral secretions (saliva/spit). Insert the entire collection tip of the swab provided (usually to of an inch, or 1 to 1.5 cm) inside the nostril. For diagnostic testing for current SARS-CoV-2 infections, CDC recommends collecting and testing an upper respiratory specimen. While there have been swab shortages to fill the urgent need of COVID-19 testing, care still needs to be taken to qualify and source the best swab for the type of sampling that is required. Healthcare providers should maintain proper infection control, including standard precautions,and wear an N95 or equivalent or higher-level respirator, eye protection, gloves, and a gown, when collecting specimens. handling self-collected specimens) and not working within 6 feet of the patient, follow Standard Precautions. Multiple specimens from the same patient may be taken with a single swab. For example, the provider should wear a face mask, gloves, and a gown. Use for COVID testing daily. Flocked nylon fibers provide greater surface area to collect and absorb secretions, and it is also more comfortable than many alternatives. Nasopharyngeal Swabs for COVID-19 Test Kits Market 2023 - Regional Scope, Growth Statistics, Demand and Regional Outlook 2029 Published: Feb. 28, 2023 at 7:37 a.m. Store extracted nucleic acid samples at -70C or lower. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. Microfiber provides high surface area for rapid capillary absorption of fluid specimens. If bulk-packaged swabs cannot be individually packaged: Use only fresh, clean gloves to retrieve a single new swab from the bulk container. Samples for COVID-19 diagnostic tests are typically collected using an anterior nares (nasal) swab sample. Nasal and throat swab are the standard methods of collecting samples for the RT-PCR test. If a delay in testing or shipping is expected, store specimens at -70C or below. Rotate the swab several times against nasal wall and repeat in other nostril using the same swab. Swab both nostrils five. Product # 52031: Armored RNA Quant RNAase P. This is an encapsulated product (phage-based). Flocking (brush-like nylon fibers) is ideal for sample collection from irregular surfaces. The site is secure. Instructions for collecting an NP specimen (performed by a trained healthcare provider): Instructions for collecting an OP specimen (performed by a trained healthcare provider): Nasal mid-turbinate (NMT) specimen (performed by a healthcare provider or the patient after reviewing and following collection instructions): Anterior nasal specimen (performed by a healthcare provider or the patient after reviewing and following the collection instructions): For a visual guide, see the How To Collect An Anterior Nasal Swab Specimen For COVID-19 Testing infographic [371 KB, 2 pages]. Health care workers collected a swab sample from the patients' oropharynx or nasopharynx according to testing guidelines for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 . Rapid antigen tests are also being used during the pandemic but they are said to be less sensitive. It won't . Product SKU 102024: Twist Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA Control 2 (MN908947.3), Codex DNA: Order by emailing covid19@codexdna.com OR following the instructions on their, Product # SC2-RNAC-0100: Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA Controls, non-overlapping. We note that the information below provided about testing supplies is not intended to alter any already issued EUA for a COVID-19 diagnostic test nor is it intended to speak to any specific FDA regulatory requirement. As explained in this guidance, FDA does not intend to object to the distribution and use of commercial VTM under certain circumstances. Follow the manufacturers instructions if using their collection device. As with all swabs, only grasp the swab by the distal end of the swab, using gloved hands only. Instructions for collecting a capillary blood specimen by fingerstick: For an additional visual guide, see the Steps for Collecting Finger Stick Capillary Blood Using a Microtainer. Never reuse lancets. Thank you for your interest in supporting Kaiser Health News (KHN), the nation's leading nonprofit newsroom focused on health and health policy. The nasopharyngeal swabs that have been used in hospitals for more than 50 years consist of two pieces: an injection-molded plastic handle and an absorptive tip made of a soft material such as cotton, polyester or flocked nylon. At least four of these sweeping circular motions should be performed in each nostril. For additional information, see the FDA's Letter to Health Care Providers, issued October 7, 2020, on providing clear instructions to patients who self-collect an anterior nares nasal sample in a health care setting for SARS-CoV-2 testing. Product # 10006626: Hs_RPP30 Positive Control. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Please contact CDC at respvirus@cdc.gov prior to submitting specimens to confirm. The supply of testing equipment is vital in controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2. To mitigate the supply issues, recommendations are two-fold: 1.Reduce demand for swab usage by: using a single swab for sampling throat then nose reduce level of testing for non-COVID. Chemtronics offers a line of Coventry Sterile Sampling Swabs [https://www.chemtronics.com/coventry-flocked-sampling-swab] that are FDA approved and manufactured and sterilized to the highest standard. Influenza Specimen Collection infographic. Also called a molecular test, this COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The back of each package contains brief instructions (Fig 14). Press the fingerstick collection device or lancet firmly against side of the finger pad and activate to perform the puncture. Flocked nylon fibers provide greater surface area to collect and absorb secretions, and it is also more comfortable than many alternatives. For each test, you'll have a sterile swab, test cassette, prefilled extraction tube, and dropper tip. All authorized tests can be found on the EUA page and authorizations for self-collection at home are noted in the test's Letter of Authorization. Catheter should reach depth equal to distance from nostrils to outer opening of ear. A negative test means you probably did not have COVID-19 at the time of the test. This product is intended for use with BioFire RP2.1 and BioFire RP2.1plus assays. This video demonstrates the collection of specimens from the surface of the respiratory mucosa with nasopharyngeal swabs for the diagnosis of Covid-19 in adults and in children. The head material structure is linear and open, which facilitates rapid absorption and thorough release of specimens into analyzing solutions. If using a lancet, make a single puncture in one smooth motion. Nanofiber Swabs Could Improve Sensitivity of COVID-19 Tests, ChemistryViews.org 2021. Rub swab over both tonsillar pillars and posterior oropharynx and avoid touching the tongue, teeth, and gums. The swabs being used currently are nylon or foam, STAT reported. Gently and slowly insert a minitip swab with a flexible shaft (wire or plastic) through the nostril parallel to the palate (not upwards) until resistance is encountered or the distance is equivalent to that from the ear to the nostril of the patient, indicating contact with the nasopharynx. Hold the hand of the person being tested in a downward position and massage the hand to improve blood flow into the fingers. Additional information about the policies in this guidance can be found on FDA's FAQs on Viral Transport Media During COVID-19 webpage. Vircell (Vircell US distributor is BioDominium Diagnostics): Order by emailing, Product # MBTC030-R: Amplirun TOTAL SARS-CoV-2 CONTROL (SWAB). The policy outlined in this guidance aims to help expand access to certain FDA-cleared molecular tests intended for detection and identification of flu viruses, including molecular influenza tests that also detect and identify RSV, when manufacturers of previously cleared tests make certain modifications without FDA premarket review where the modification does not create an undue risk in light of the public health emergency. Fig 14 Coventry Sterile Sampling Swab packaging. We compared the diagnostic efficacy and tolerability of molded plastic (FinSwab; Valukumpu, Finland) versus flocked nylon (FLOQSwab; Copan, Italy) nasopharyngeal swabs in a clinical setting. This is an encapsulated product (phage-based), containing targets within the nucleocapsid (N) region. Insert the swab head into a sterile transport media tube, snap off the swab handle at the break-point, seal with the cap, and label the sample (Fig 4). The head material of the Coventry 66010ST Sterile Flocked Swab is a nylon microfiber with a polystyrene (or ABS) handle. Efficient, repeatable & more comfortable sterile sampling swabs for COVID-19, etc. Manufacturers may also wish to consider resources available through the NIH's 3D Print Exchange. Instill 1 mL-1.5 mL of non-bacteriostatic saline (pH 7.0) into one nostril. It contains segments from the RdRp, E, and N (including both N1/N2 targets) genes. Allocations were predetermined to maximize state and territory testing using a data-driven algorithm based on population, high incidence areas, and COVID-19 Task Forces directives. A flocked nylon swab stick is used to take the samples and it is rotated at the site for proper . 4,018. While FDA and the clinical community have vast experience with traditional swabs, there is limited prior experience with the use of 3D printed swabs for specimen collection for diagnostic testing. For an additional visual guide, see the Nasopharyngeal/Nasal Aspirate or Nasopharyngeal/Nasal Wash sections in the Influenza Specimen Collection infographic. Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Medical Devices, Recalls, Market Withdrawals and Safety Alerts, Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Medical Devices, Counterfeit At-Home OTC COVID-19 Diagnostic Tests, At-Home COVID-19 Diagnostic Tests: Frequently Asked Questions, Blood Specimen Collection Tube Shortage: Frequently Asked Questions, Antibody (Serology) Testing for COVID-19: Information for Patients and Consumers, Emergency Use Authorization of COVID-19 Tests: Independent Assessment of the FDAs Response, Face Masks, Barrier Face Coverings, Surgical Masks, and Respirators for COVID-19, Medical Device Supply Chain Notifications During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Medical Device Shortages During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency, Supplies of Medical Devices for COVID-19: Frequently Asked Questions, Medical Device Types to Help Determine Section 506J Notification Obligations, Non-contact Temperature Assessment Devices During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Adverse Event Reporting for Medical Devices Under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) or Discussed in COVID-19-Related Guidance Documents, Contacts for Medical Devices During the COVID-19 Pandemic, COVID-19 Testing Supplies: FAQs on Testing for SARS-CoV-2, Q: I am having trouble obtaining testing supplies for specimen collection, transport, and testing. Wash your hands with warm soapy water and dry hands thoroughly or perform hand hygiene using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Put on gloves for the collection of the fingerstick blood specimen. Some diagnostic tests use other samples such as mid-turbinate, nasopharyngeal,. From this point, it will take about six hours of procedural time for PCR testing to be complete. Fig 7 Coventry 66010ST Sterile Flocked Swab. Added new guidance on capillary fingerstick specimen collection. If the patient needs assistance, you can help the patient place the swab into transport media or a transport device and seal it. FLOQSwabs TM Flocking technique increases surface area of the swab and puts the collection material where it needs to be. Insert the swab head into a sterile transport media tube, snap off the swab handle at the break-point, seal with the cap, and label the sample (Fig 4). Please be aware that the CDC does not recommend use of calcium alginate swabs or swabs with wooden shafts, as they may contain substances that inactivate some viruses and inhibit PCR testing. 3M LeadCheck Swabs, Instant Lead Test, 8-Pack. DNA plasmid: Please note that if a DNA plasmid control is used, a method to evaluate performance of the reverse transcription step should be included. Facilities should ensure that all personnel who transport specimens via pneumatic tubes are trained in safe handling practices, specimen management, and spill decontamination procedures. Media containing guanidine thiocyanate or similar chemicals produce a potentially hazardous chemical reaction that releases cyanide gas when exposed to bleach. However, the induction of sputum is not recommended. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Healthcare providers can minimize PPE use if patients collect their own specimens while maintaining at least 6 feet of separation. This product contains approximately 50,000 copies/mL. Stay up-to-date on Chemtronics news, products, videos & more. Additional information, including the specimen submission form and shipping address, can be found at Submitting Specimens to CDC. A special 6-inch cotton swab is inserted up each of your nostrils and moved around for about 15 seconds. Audere has granted a general Right of Reference to any organization who wishes to access and use Audere's "Lower nasal swab collection" instructions for lower nasal swabs administered at a testing site. Please be aware that some transport media and SARS-CoV-2 testing platforms are not compatible. Current advice is to collect an NP swab when testing neonates for COVID-19. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site. A SARS-CoV-2 full-length, synthetic genome (Wuhan-Hu-1 strain; GenBank number MN908947.3), cloned in a bacterial artificial chromosome. The HSC should yield a positive result with the RP primer and probe set and negative results with all 2019-nCoV markers. Be sure to ask if there is a cost for testing and how long it will take to receive the test results. Lab personnel should also exercise caution if you cannot identify the type of transport media in the specimen collection tubes or if you do not know whether the transport media contains guanidine thiocyanate or similar chemicals as an ingredient, since warnings apply and special precautions should be taken for such ingredients (see the answer to the question regarding alternative types of transport media below). This product contains segments of the nucleocapsid (N) region. Some of the specimen types listed below will not be appropriate for all tests. Chemtronics offers the Coventry Sterile Flocked Swab (part #66010ST, see fig 9) that has been engineered to efficiently collect biological fluids for elution and analysis. Once the bagged samples are ready to be processed, laboratory staff removes them from the biohazard containers and commences the intake processa visual inspection to ensure every sample includes a nasal swab and is properly identified and sealed. Store respiratory specimens at 2-8C for up to 72 hours after collection. There are three main kinds of Covid nasal swab tests: nasopharyngeal (the deepest), mid-turbinate (the middle) and anterior nares (the shallow part of your nose). with a nylon flocked swab . Many laboratories may use bleach in their cleaning or decontamination processes in response to laboratory spills. COVID-19 testing swabs are typically made from synthetic fibres such as polyester, rayon,. If you live in the Houston area, you can find local testing information by calling 832-393-4220. ", Products # 0505-0126 OR # 0505-0159: AccuPlex SARS-CoV-2 Reference Material Kits. Medical Grade Plastic ABS handle; Total Length: 150 mm, Flocked Tip: 20 mm, Break point: 80 mm; . The head material of Coventry 66000ST Sterile Flocked Swab is a nylon microfiber with a polystyrene (or ABS) handle. Per CDC recommendations, the swab should be made of a synthetic material with a flexible wire or plastic shaft. Health care providers may collect nasal swab specimens for self -ordered COVID-19 tests, unless otherwise provided. The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is directly distributing nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs, based on state and territory testing plans that were submitted in response to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act requirements. It contains gene segments from the S, E, M, ORF8, and N genes. Product # HE0058N: Helix Elite Inactivated Standard (Negative Cellularity Control). Follow additional instructions from the healthcare provider or manufacturer. Early in the pandemic, the. It is important to have a clear and appropriate set of written or electronic instructions as a reference during sample collection to ensure an optimal sample is obtained. Control material for EUA RT-PCR tests is available from the following resources: A: Human RNA can be extracted from human specimens or cultured human cells and used directly as the Human Specimen Control (HSC) control. Flocked nylon has fibers which provide greater surface area to collect and absorb secretion, and it is also more comfortable than many alternatives. The following are the three most common methods of swab sterilization: Coventry Sampling Swabs come in individual sterile packaging. FDA encourages other suppliers of test materials to email COVID19DX@fda.hhs.gov to discuss whether materials they have available may also be appropriate for use. These recommendations apply not only to healthcare facilities but also to any setting where fingerstick procedures are performed. Works well, requires clipping instead of using the break point on our particular specimen containers, but that is my . A test swab may be used to collect a sample for either polymerase chain reaction (PCR) laboratory testing or point-of-care testing. (accessed July 23, 2021) Do not use calcium alginate swabs or swabs with wooden shafts, as they may contain substances that inactivate some viruses and may inhibit molecular tests. For purposes of entry into the United States, vaccines accepted will include FDA approved or authorized and WHO Emergency Use Listing vaccines. Gently roll the swab handle in your fingertips, which rotates the swab head. Respiratory specimens should be collected as soon as a decision has been made to test someone, regardless of the time of symptom onset. Please note this product sequence has been verified for use with the N1 and N2 gene targets developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA), the E gene and the RdRP gene targets developed by the Charit, and the S gene target developed by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. . There is a risk of exposure to harmful cyanide gas, a by-product of a reaction between guanidine thiocyanate and similar chemicals used in certain transport media and bleach (sodium hypochlorite) used in certain SARS-CoV2 testing platforms or laboratory processes. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Product # EURM-019: Single stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragments of SARS-CoV-2. Calcium alginate swabs are unacceptable and swabs with cotton tips and wooden shafts are not recommended. Swab shortages have led to a bottleneck in Covid-19 testing, but the FDA announced Thursday a broader range of swabs can now be used. The system is available in 3 flocked swab formats: regular (white), minitip . For patients with productive cough, a sputum sample is an acceptable lower respiratory specimen. Wash and dry hands thoroughly or perform hand hygiene immediately after removal of gloves and before touching medical supplies intended for use on other persons. For examples of anterior nares swabbing instructions, refer to the CDC instructions or the lower nasal swab collection instructions developed by Audere, a Washington State nonprofit corporation. Check out other sources to put the claim into context While doing research for. For patients who develop a productive cough, sputum can be collected and tested for SARS-CoV-2 when available. Chemtronics offers theCoventry Sterile Flocked Swab (part #66000ST, see fig 1) that has been engineered to efficiently collect biological fluids for elution and analysis. Human nasal swabs ( n = 41) were collected on Puritan Polyester-Tipped Applicators (Fisher) by health care workers and tested in the Frenkel CLIA-certified laboratory at Seattle Children's Research Institute. Other information that must be provided to the laboratory when requesting a test includes the sex and age or date of birth of the patient; the test(s) to be performed; the specimen source; the date and, if appropriate, the time of specimen collection. A molecular test using a nasal swab is usually the . Having a state-issued identification card available at the testing site will speed up the process immensely; however, no identification documents are required. However, the induction of sputum is not recommended due to the possibility of aerosol production during the procedure. Home specimen collection methods may also be used as part of an IRB approved study. Learn more to see if you should consider scheduling a COVID test. . Mon, Feb 27, 2023 . A: Below is information regarding positive control material. The FAQs in this section explain FDA's guidance policy on viral transport media (VTM) and provide additional information about validated supply alternatives for labs to perform testing when there is a supply issue with some components of a molecular test. There is further discussion of alternative specimen types, such as saliva, oral fluid, and buccal swabs, in the Molecular Diagnostic Template. The information about swabs provided above is based on limited available evidence, and further research is needed in this area. 2,493. Fact Check-COVID-19 nasal swabs sterilised with ethylene oxide are safe to use By Reuters Fact Check 6 Min Read Nasal swabs included with COVID-19 tests have not been sterilised with the. These policies apply to swab-based specimen collection by healthcare providers (HCP), and to anterior nares (nasal) and mid-turbinate specimen collection onsite by self-collection. The head material of Coventry 66120ST Sterile Foam Swab is polyurethane foam with a polystyrene (or ABS) handle. A: For anterior nares specimen collection, the entire tip of the swab should be placed inside the nose, and the side of the swab tip should be rubbed with moderate pressure against as much of the wall of nares region as possible, moving the tip through a large circular path inside the nose. Per the same guidelines, handle material should be synthetic material or metal, because calcium alginate swabs or swabs with wooden shafts may contain substances that inactivate some viruses and reduce accuracy. 1 offer from $17.29. For diagnostic testing for current SARS-CoV-2 infections, CDC recommends collecting and testing an upper respiratory specimen. HHS is no longer distributing viral transport media (VTM). Additional authorized diagnostic tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 will likely have this capability as well. Autoclaves Autoclave sterilization uses steam and pressure to increase the temperature between 250-270F (121-132C) to kill bacteria and viruses. The assay should not react to this negative control, but the CDC reagents did at many, but not all, state labs. Repeat the process in the other nostril with the same swab. Product # 0505-0168: AccuPlex SARS-CoV-2 Verification Panel. The .gov means its official.Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The second polyester swab was then inserted in a dry tube (10 mL BD Vacutainer), stored at 4C, and sent to a reference laboratory for immediate testing. Contact Supplier. To avoid specimens being wasted, if a lab is presented with a specimen that was collected or identified in a sub-optimal manner (for example, with a swab type for which there is less evidence of its effectiveness than the swab types listed in this FAQ), it may be appropriate for the lab to accept the specimen for analysis and note the circumstances on the report. (11/15/21), There is a risk of exposure to harmful cyanide gas, a by-product of a reaction between guanidine thiocyanate and similar chemicals used in certain transport media and bleach (sodium hypochlorite) used in certain SARS-CoV2 testing platforms or laboratory processes, Q: If I do not have assay positive control material, how can I obtain it? COVID-19 testing swabs are typically made out of synthetic fibers such as polyester, rayon, viscose and nylon. A: The FDA issued the Enforcement Policy for Viral Transport Media During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency to help address transport media availability concerns . NP swab is the reference sampling method for SARS CoV2 diagnosis, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Center for Diseases Control Prevention, 2020; WHO, 2020a,b).The CDC only endorses the use of synthetic fiber-tipped swabs like rayon or nylon swabs on their recent guidelines for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis . If you cannot identify the type of transport media in the specimen collection tubes or if you do not know if the transport media contains guanidine thiocyanate or similar chemicals as an ingredient, handle tubes as if they contain guanidine thiocyanate or similar chemicals. The single-use combination test kit uses a self-collected nasal swab and produces results in 30 minutes with an accuracy rate over 90% for influenza A and B and Covid, according to the FDA. Chemtronics offers a line of Coventry Sterile Sampling Swabs [https://www.chemtronics.com/coventry-flocked-sampling-swab] that are FDA approved, manufactured and sterilized to the highest standard that can be used for COVID-19, flu and other testing. WARNING: Media containing guanidine thiocyanate or similar chemicals, including Longhorn PrimeStore MTM, Zymo DNA/RNA Shield, as well as that found in the Spectrum Solutions Saliva Collection Device, should not be used with in vitro diagnostic platforms that use bleach (sodium hypochlorite) in the testing platform or during laboratory processes. Microfiber provides high surface area for rapid capillary absorption of fluid specimens. The 100-ppi reticulated foam structure provides maximum absorption. Publication types Comparative Study Evaluation Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH terms Adolescent Antigens, Viral / analysis* Bodily Secretions / virology* Each facility should conduct a site- and activity-specific risk assessment of the procedures performed, identifying the hazards involved in the process, the competency level of the personnel performing the methods, and the laboratory facility.
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